However, the tales of Reynard come from all across Europe and each retelling has details that are specific to its area. The original copies were written in Old French, and have since been translated into many different languages. The trickster fox, Reynard, lives in a society of other talking animals (lion, bear, wolf, donkey, et cetera), making the stories a beast epic. While the character of Reynard appears in later works, the core stories were written during the Middle Ages by multiple authors and are often seen as parodies of medieval literature such as courtly love stories and chansons de geste, as well as a satire of political and religious institutions. His main enemy and victim across the cycle is his uncle, the wolf, Isengrim (or Ysengrim). His adventures usually involve his deceiving other anthropomorphic animals for his own advantage or trying to avoid their retaliatory efforts. The stories are largely concerned with the main character Reynard, an anthropomorphic red fox, trickster figure. The genre was popular throughout the Late Middle Ages, as well as in chapbook form throughout the Early Modern period. The first extant versions of the cycle date from the second half of the 12th century. Reynard the Fox is a literary cycle of medieval allegorical Dutch, English, French and German fables. Illumination from a manuscript of the Roman de Renart, end of the 13th century For other uses, see Reynard (disambiguation). This article is about the popular cycle in Northwest European literature.
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